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Small Steps, Big Impact: New Resource Available for Waterfront Property Owners to Help Protect the Inland Bays

Written on: March 14th, 2022 in Outreach

By Caitlin Chaney, Delaware Center for the Inland Bays

In the last 30 years, the population across the Delaware Inland Bays watershed has surged. The Inland Bays is a special place to live, but growing development brings challenges to the watershed and those who live within it. Climate change, sea level rise, and nutrient pollution all pose threats to the Inland Bays.

The good news is that everyone, including property owners, have the opportunity to help care for our shared paradise in a way that benefits the ecosystem and community. The Delaware Center for the Inland Bays (Center) recently published Protecting the Inland Bays: A Waterfront Property Owner’s Guide, an educational resource that addresses some of the most persistent threats facing the Inland Bays and their watershed. It offers guidance on how to protect and enhance properties while promoting healthy shorelines and nearshore areas, water quality, and habitats for both people and wildlife. Below is a summary of some of the guidance provided within the publication.

First Steps:
A critical first step is informing yourself of the rules and regulations regarding your property. The Center recommends checking your deed restrictions, reviewing the appropriate HOA governing documents (if applicable), and researching town and county ordinances and state regulations and guidance.

Minimize Runoff and Groundwater Contamination
Small adjustments on your property can make a big difference in reducing polluted stormwater runoff and groundwater. Here are some best practices:

• Redirect downspouts and gutters from impervious surfaces like paved driveways to a permeable area such as a garden to allow water to soak into the ground.
• Limit or eliminate the usage of fertilizers and pesticides and avoid the disposal of grass clippings and leaves into storm drains or canals to protect local water quality.
• Reduce impervious surfaces by using alternative hardscapes like permeable pavers as a creative way to enhance your property.

Create Your Very Own Nature Preserve
You can help restore the delicate balance of the local ecosystem while creating a beautiful oasis right in your backyard.

• Prioritize native plants to reduce water pollution, support native wildlife, as well as save time and money all while beautifying your yard. Some popular native species include goldenrod, eastern red cedar, beach plum, and dune grass.
• Be sure to remove invasive plants on your property including common species like the Bradford Pear, Japanese honeysuckle, and exotic bamboos. Mechanical methods include pulling and digging—making sure to remove the entire root system—or regularly cutting and mowing. While chemical removal should be used as a last resort, it is necessary to control certain species including Phragmites (Phragmites australis).

Managing Septic Systems & Wastewater
Proper maintenance and management of your septic system and wastewater is essential to preventing contaminants and excess nutrients from entering groundwater.

• Check if you are eligible to connect to a central sewer system.
• Ensure you are performing proper maintenance for your specific septic system, including having it regularly pumped by a service professional.

These tips are just a few ways that property owners can simultaneously help protect the Inland Bays and their watershed and their investment. To access more in-depth guidance and information, including the benefits of living shorelines and enhancing buffers, please click here to download the Center’s waterfront property owner guidebook along with supporting resources.

Printed copies are also available upon request by emailing cchaney@inlandbays.org.

Tags: Climate Change, Delaware Center for the Inland Bays, living shorelines, Wetlands

What’s Beneath the Surface? World Water Day 2022

Written on: March 14th, 2022 in Outreach

By Olivia McDonald, Wetland Monitoring and Assessment Program

Finally, it’s here! The holiday we all have never really heard of. It might be true that only folks working in the realms of nature know of this environmental festivity. So I figured hey, why not spread the word on something that actually impacts every single one of us – water.

World Water Day has been celebrated every year since 1993, and was created by the United Nations to celebrate water and raise awareness for people across the globe who currently are living without access to safe water. Now the words “safe water” can come in many different shapes and sizes. We are talking about things like drinking water, basic sanitation, bottled water, public facilities, surface, springs, recreational waters, the list really can go on. March 22 is the day, and this year’s theme of World Water Day is groundwater – making the invisible visible.

Right off the bat, let’s get started with some basics. What exactly is groundwater?

Groundwater is water found underground in aquifers, which are geological formations of rocks, sands and gravels that hold substantial quantities of water. Groundwater feeds springs, rivers, lakes and wetlands, and seeps into oceans. Groundwater is recharged mainly from rain and snowfall infiltrating the ground. Groundwater can be extracted to the surface by pumps and wells.

World Water Day 2022, United Nations

That definition gives me an overarching sense that what we do as humans on the surface matters underground. Since most of the liquid freshwater in the world is groundwater, choices big and small can affect things like farming, drinking sources, city sanitation systems, or animal populations. Countries with very arid climates often solely depend on groundwater for everyday use. Currently, the United Nations estimates that 40% of all the water used for irrigation of any type comes from aquifers created by groundwater – that is a rather demanding source! And of course to have a functioning ecosystem, such as a wetland or river, you need healthy water. Some of this may seem more like a third world problem, but impacts from fracking or places like Flint, Michigan show us that even in the United States water issues can become a major concern.

You might remember back in grade school learning about the water cycle, and how water in different forms takes certain paths yet is still all one thing. Well it really is. Lakes, rivers, ponds, streams, and wetlands are all within this hydrologic system of waters that are continually connected. When it comes to groundwater there is recharge and discharge. Recharge is when water seeps into the ground to replenish aquifers, and discharge occurs when water emerges from the saturated ground. Luckily wetlands do a little bit of both, but more often, groundwater discharges into our wetland areas. Either function the wetland performs adds value to the relationship of our water and land. Take a look at the benefits below;

• Helps maintain water balance and water chemistry
• Enhances or protects water quality
  • Through sediment trapping, nutrient removal, and chemical detoxification
• Critical to the formation functioning hydric soils in an area
• Recharges a drinking water source
• Aids with the daily maintenance of ecosystem habitats for plants and animals
  • Balances seasonal water levels
• Contributes to the protection or improvement of any impaired water
• Reduces erosion and sedimentation

Many places that the citizens of Delaware enjoy – publicly owned parks or state natural areas – contain water dependent on the success of this hydrologic system. In fact, most of the state’s public water supply comes from groundwater. Then we have our Category One wetlands which make up a small percentage of all of Delaware’s wetlands. These are very uncommon, unique freshwater areas like groundwater seepage wetlands. Seeps, as we like to call them, occur in areas on slopes or along slope bases where groundwater flows out onto the surface. Category One wetlands are home to complex habitats and rare plant and animals species, such as the Bog turtle (glyptemys muhlenbergii). I certainly want to keep that cute critter to the right around. As for humans, these wetlands are not only rich in plant and animal biodiversity, but also provide benefits for flood storage and water quality, simply through the groundwater coming to the surface naturally. 

Honing in on groundwater for this year’s World Water Day means remembering that we need to strike a balance between the peoples’ needs and the planet. Continuous over-use of groundwater leads to the depletion of the resource. Overexploitation can lead to land instability and subsidence, particularly in our coastal regions of Delaware where salt water intrusion is occurring. Adaptation and policymaking should reflect the sustainable development for waters of all types. With the spotlight shining more and more on environmental changes, management and governance tools are being developed to combat the pressures of resource availability. Since groundwater is already so vied for, it is imperative to understand its role in sanitation systems, industry, agriculture, climate change, and ecosystems for the future.

Just because something is beneath the surface, doesn’t mean it has to be out of your mind. Wetlands and groundwater, like all the other wonderful natural resources we possess, are not infinite. It starts with you. In your backyard, in your reusable water bottle, in what kind of jeans you choose to wear (Google water and jeans, trust me). Calculate your water footprint to determine how your production and consumption choices affect natural resources. Clean up your local water source with a crew of friends. Every little bit counts, it doesn’t just have to happen on March 22.

To find out more about World Water Day, please visit https://www.worldwaterday.org/

Tags: groundwater, Wetlands

Exploring Low Marsh Ecology: The Three Contenders

Written on: March 14th, 2022 in Outreach, Wetland Animals

By Kayla Clauson, DNREC’s Watershed Assessment and Management Section

If you’ve followed the WMAP blog for some time, there is no lack of evidence how important salt marshes and other wetlands are. Here, I will dive deeper on salt marsh ecology with a focus on the low marsh zone. First, here are some important fast facts on salt marshes.

• They are dominated by grasses, as opposed to more wooded forested wetlands.
• They are found in the intertidal zone, meaning they connect land and water. Because of this, portions of the marsh are periodically flooded with tides.
• They act as shoreline buffers protecting land from storms and as living filters that absorb excess nutrients before they can reach our oceans and estuaries.

These characteristics make the marsh a stressful environment for both plants and animals that live there.

Typical salt marshes can be split into two zones, best classified by the types of vegetation growing there. The vegetation zonation is driven by the conditions the plants are exposed to. Being flooded periodically with salty water means the plants in the low marsh zone are best adapted to dealing with that stressor. Plants in the high marsh zone are less frequently flooded but they still have special adaptations to deal with the periodic salty-water interactions. Plants in the high marsh are more diverse than the low marsh because there is less stress.

Let’s take a further look into the low marsh community and meet the three major contenders that work together to help the low marsh thrive.

First up is the dominant low marsh grass – Sporobolus alterniflorus (previously Spartina alterniflora) or Saltmarsh Cordgrass.

Saltmarsh Cordgrass is the best suited grass for life in the low marsh because it can handle all the stress that comes with living on the water’s edge. It has a special adaptation to excrete salt on its leaves that it takes up from the water, leaving it with a little sparkle. Saltmarsh Cordgrass has shallow roots that can thrive in the low oxygen environment of the mud.

Give it up for Saltmarsh Cordgrass!

Next up are Ribbed Mussels (Guekensia demissa).

These mussels can be found in the low marsh at the base of Saltmarsh Cordgrass along the tidal channel. They form large clumps together, using special threads to anchor them in place. They are filter feeders, opening their shells slightly when submerged at high tide to allow water to pass through. At low tide, they close shut to avoid drying out until the next high tide.

Give it up for Ribbed Mussels!

Last up are Fiddler Crabs (Uca sp.)

Fiddler crabs are named as so because the males have a large single claw that moves in a “fiddle-playing motion” when trying to find a female mate. It is easy to spot the difference between males and females because the females have two small claws compared to the males one large and one small claw.

At low tide Fiddler crabs can be seen alongside their burrows in the mud. The burrows are their homes and can be up to two feet deep. During high tide the crabs will plug-up their burrow with mud, so they do not get flooded. 

Give it up for Fiddler Crabs!

These three contenders are important for marsh function, each playing an important role in low-marsh ecology.

Ribbed mussels provide structure for the roots of Saltmarsh Cordgrass, as well as fertilizer that aids the grass growth in the stressful environment. The sturdy structure created by mussels decreases erosion. Whereas Fiddler crabs aerate the sediments with their burrows, bringing oxygen deeper into the very-low oxygen mud to be utilized by the Saltmarsh Cordgrass. Also, fiddler crabs consume the dying plant matter, allowing them to recycle nutrients for use. The Saltmarsh Cordgrass provides the mussels with attachment sites and increases food supply by trapping sediments while also providing the Fiddler crabs protection from predation and a buffer from other physical stressors.

But like all things, balance is important.

Too much or too little of something can throw things off. While coastal wetlands like salt marshes are facing challenges due to climate change and sea-level rise, shifts can occur. One example researchers have observed is a decline in predators (such as fish and wading birds) leads to an increase in Fiddler crabs. The abundance of Fiddler crabs means an increase in their burrows, which can weaken the marsh banks and lead to collapse. The three contenders working together in harmony are what helps a Saltmarsh thrive. We therefore must appreciate how dynamic the natural world is and consider the constant changes that occur around us each day.

Tags: Animals, Tidal Wetlands, wetland plants, Wetlands